Shaker Swamp

Flora

Rich in Resources

The Swamp holds a special place in medicinal history. Starting with the Native Americans and continuing with the adjacent Shaker settlement at Mount Lebanon (now a National Historic Landmark) and the Tilden Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company at the wetland’s edge, the Swamp has been a source of native and cultivated plants for herbal medicines. Growing in the Swamp are species of medicinal plants that were listed either in Miller’s 1998 book on Shaker medicinal herbs or in Tilden & Co.’s pharmacopeia of 1852 and 1875.

Herbaceous

Alismataceae

Sagittaria sp., Arrowhead

Apiaceae

Angelica atropurpurea, great angelica

Cicuta bulbifera, bulb-bearing water-hemlock

Cicuta maculata var. maculata, spotted water hemlock, poison hemlock, beaver-poison, musquash-root, spotted cowbane

Osmorhiza claytonii , Clayton’s sweetroot, sweet cicely

Osmorhiza longistylis, longstyle sweetroot, aniseroot

Sanicula sp., snake-root, sanicle

Zizia aurea, common golden Alexanders

Araceae

Acorus americanus, American sweetflag

Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum, common jack-in-the-pulpit

Symplocarpus foetidus, skunk cabbage

Araliaceae

Aralia nudicaulis, wild sarsaparilla

Aristolochiaceae

Asarum canadense, wild ginger, asarabacca

Asclepiadaceae

Asclepias incarnata ssp. incarnata, swamp milkweed

Asclepias syriaca, common milkweed

Asteraceae

Ageratina altissima var. altissima, white snakeroot

Bidens cernua, nodding beggar-ticks

Bidens connata, purple-stem swamp beggar-ticks

Bidens tripartita, three-lobe beggar-ticks

Erigeron philadelphicus var. philadelphicus, Philadelphia fleabane

Eupatorium perfoliatum, common boneset

Euthamia graminifolia, flat-top fragrant goldenrod, grass-leaved goldenrod

Eutrochium maculatum var. maculatum, spotted Joe-Pye weed

Packera aurea, golden ragwort

Rudbeckia laciniata var. laciniata, cutleaf coneflower

Solidago altissima, Canada goldenrod

Solidago gigantea, giant goldenrod, smooth goldenrod

Solidago patula ssp. patula, rough-leaved goldenrod

Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. lanceolatum, white panicle aster

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum, calico aster, small white aster

Symphyotrichum puniceum var. puniceum, purple-stemmed aster

Taraxacum officinale, common dandelion

Tussilago farfara, colt’s foot

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens capensis, spotted jewelweed, touch-me-not, snapweed

Impatiens pallida, pale jewel-weed

Berberidaceae

Caulophyllum thalictroides, blue cohosh, squaw-root, papoose-root

Podophyllum peltatum, May-apple, Indian-apple, wild-mandrake

Boraginaceae

Hackelia virginiana, beggarslice, stickseed

Myosotis scorpioides, true forget-me-not

Brassicaceae

Alliaria petiolata, garlic mustard

Cardamine concatenata, cutleaf toothwort

Cardamine diphylla, two-leaf toothwort

Hesperis matronalis, dame’s-rocket, mother-of-the-evening, dame’s-violet

Campanulaceae

Lobelia siphilitica, great blue lobelia

Cannabaceae

Humulus japonicus, Japanese hops

Clusiaceae

Hypericum perforatum, common St. John’s-wort

Crassulaceae

Hylotelephium telephium, garden stonecrop

Penthorum sedoides, ditch-stonecrop

Fumariaceae

Dicentra cucullaria, Dutchman’s breeches

Geraniaceae

Geranium maculatum, wild crane’s-bill

Geranium robertianum, herb-Robert, Robert’s geranium

Iridaceae

Iris versicolor, blueflag

Lamiaceae

Agastache scrophulariifolia, purple giant hyssop

Collinsonia canadensis, Canada horse-balm

Glechoma hederacea, ground ivy

Lycopus americanus, American bugleweed

Mentha arvensis, wild mint

Scutellaria galericulata, hooded skullcap

Liliaceae

Allium tricoccum var. tricoccum, small white leek, ramp

Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum, yellow trout-lily

Maianthemum canadense, Canada May-flower, Canadian May-lily, wild lily-of-the-valley, false lily-of-the- valley, two-leaved Solomon’s-seal

Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum, false Solomon’s-seal, false spikenard, Solomon’s-plume

Polygonatum biflorum, common Solomon’s-seal, giant Solomon’s seal

Polygonatum pubescens, downy Solomon’s-seal, hairy Solomon’s seal

Trillium erectum, wake robin, red trillium, stinking Benjamin, stinking Willie, birthwort, ill- scent trillium

Veratrum viride, American false-hellebore

Lythraceae

Lythrum salicaria, purple loosestrife, spiked loosestrife

Onagraceae

Epilobium coloratum, eastern willow-herb

Epilobium hirsutum, codlins and cream, willow-herb, fireweed

Epilobium strictum, downy willow-herb

Ludwigia palustris, marsh seedbox

Orchidaceae

Epipactis helleborine, eastern helleborine, broad-leaved helleborine

Papaveraceae

Chelidonium majus, greater celandine

Sanguinaria canadensis, bloodroot

Polygonaceae

Persicaria arifolia, halberd-leaf tearthumb, tear-thumb

Persicaria lapathifolia, dock-leaf smartweed, pale smartweed

Persicaria sagittata, arrow-leaf tearthumb, arrow-vine, scratch- grass

Persicaria virginiana, jumpseed

Rumex britannica, water dock, greater water dock, British dock

Rumex crispus, curly dock, yellow dock, sour dock

Rumex obtusifolius, broad-leaf dock, broadleaf dock, bitter dock

Portulacaceae

Claytonia caroliniana, Carolina spring-beauty

Potamogetaceae

Potamogeton sp., pond weed

Primulaceae

Lysimachia ciliata, fringed loosestrife

Lysimachia nummularia, creeping Jennie

Lysimachia quadrifolia, whorled loosestrife

Lysimachia terrestris, swamp loosestrife

Lysimachia thyrsiflora, water loosestrife

Ranunculaceae

Actaea pachypoda, white baneberry, doll’s-eyes

Actaea rubra, red baneberry

Caltha palustris, marsh marigold

Coptis trifolia, goldthread, goldenroot, yellow snakeroot

Hepatica nobilis var. acuta, sharp-lobed hepatica

Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa, round-leaved liverleaf

Ranunculus abortivus, kidney-leaved crowfoot, littleleaf buttercup

Ranunculus hispidus var. caricetorum, bristly buttercup

Ranunculus recurvatus var. recurvatus, hooked crowfoot

Thalictrum dioicum, early meadow-rue, quicksilver-weed

Thalictrum pubescens, tall meadow-rue, late meadow-rue, meadow-weed, muskrat-weed, king-of- the-meadow

Rosaceae

Fragaria virginiana, wild strawberry, Virginia strawberry

Geum aleppicum, yellow avens

Geum canadense, white avens

Geum rivale, purple avens

Geum vernum, spring avens

Potentilla simplex, old-field cinquefoil

Rubiaceae

Galium circaezans var. circaezans, licorice bedstraw

Galium lanceolatum, Torrey’s wild licorice

Galium mollugo, white bedstraw

Galium tinctorium, stiff marsh bedstraw

Mitchella repens, partridgeberry

Saxifragaceae

Mitella diphylla, twoleaf miterwort, coolwort

Tiarella cordifolia, heart-leaved foam-flower

Scrophulariaceae

Chelone glabra, white turtlehead

Mimulus ringens, square-stemmed monkey-flower, Allegheny monkey-flower

Scrophularia marilandica, carpenter’s square

Verbascum thapsus, great mullein

Veronica americana, American speedwell

Veronica serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia, thymeleaf speedwell

Solanaceae

Solanum dulcamara var. dulcamara, climbing nightshade, trailing nightshade, bittersweet

Sparganiaceae

Sparganium americanum, American bur-reed

Typhaceae

Typha angustifolia, narrow-leaved cattail

Typha latifolia, broad-leaf cattail

Urticaceae

Laportea canadensis, wood nettle

Verbenaceae

Phryma leptostachya, lopseed

Verbena hastata var. hastata, blue vervain, swamp verbena, simpler’s- joy

Verbena urticifolia var. urticifolia, white vervain

Violaceae

Viola blanda, sweet white violet

Viola canadensis var. canadensis, Canada violet, Canadian white violet

Viola labradorica, alpine violet, American dog violet

Viola pubescens var. pubescens, downy yellow violet

Viola rostrata, long-spur violet

Viola sororia, common violet

Graminoids

Cyperaceae

Carex albursina, white bear sedge

Carex appalachica, Appalachian sedge

Carex bromoides ssp. bromoides, bromelike sedge

Carex comosa, bristly sedge

Carex gracillima, graceful sedge

Carex hirtifolia, pubescent sedge

Carex lacustris, lake-bank sedge

Carex lurida, shallow sedge

Carex pensylvanica, Pennsylvania sedge

Carex plantaginea, plantain-leaved sedge

Carex platyphylla, broad-leaved sedge

Carex stricta, tussock sedge

Scirpus cyperinus, common woolgrass

Scirpus sp., bullrush

Juncaceae

Juncus effusus var. solutus, common rush

Luzula acuminata var. acuminata, hairy woodrush

Poaceae

Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis, blue-joint reedgrass

Glyceria canadensis, Canada manna grass, Rattlesnake grass

Glyceria melicaria, slender manna grass

Glyceria striata, fowl manna grass

Leersia virginica, Virginia cutgrass

Phalaris arundinaceae, reed canary grass

Phragmites australis, European common reed

Piptatherum racemosum, black-fruited mountain-ricegrass

Schedonorus pratensis, meadow fescue

Shrubs

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex verticillata, common winterberry, black holly

Berberidaceae

Berberis thunbergii, Japanese barberry

Betulaceae

Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, speckled alder, tag alder, swamp alder

Alnus serrulata, brook-side alder, smooth alder, hazel alder

Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera dioica var. dioica, limber honeysuckle

Lonicera morrowii, Morrow’s honeysuckle

Lonicera sp., honeysuckkle

Viburnum acerifolium, mapleleaf viburnum

Viburnum dentatum var. lucidum, northern arrowwood

Viburnum lantanoides, hobblebush, alderleaf viburnum

Viburnum lentago, nannyberry

Viburnum opulus var. americanum, highbush cranberry

Celastraceae

Euonymus alatus, winged burning bush

Cornaceae

Cornus alternifolia, alternate-leaf dogwood

Cornus amomum ssp. amomum, silky dogwood

Cornus racemosa, gray dogwood

Cornus sericea ssp. sericea, red osier dogwood

Ericaceae

Lyonia ligustrina, maleberry

Grossulariaceae

Ribes americanum, wild black currant

Ribes cynosbati, prickly gooseberry

Ribes hirtellum, smooth gooseberry

Lauraceae

Lindera benzoin, spicebush, benzoin-bush, Benjamin- bush, fever-bush, wild allspice

Rhamnaceae

Rhamnus cathartica, buckthorn

Rosaceae

Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda, shrubby cinquefoil

Rosa multiflora, multiflora rose, rambler rose

Rosa palustris, swamp rose

Rubus pubescens var. pubescens, dwarf red blackberry, plumboy

Spiraea alba var. latifolia, northern meadow-sweet

Spiraea tomentosa var. tomentosa, hardhack spiraea

Salicaceae

Salix bebbiana Bebb’s willow
Salix discolor pussy willow
Salix sericea silky willow

Thymeliaceae

Daphne mezereum, February daphne

Dirca palustris, eastern leatherwood

Trees

Aceraceae

Acer pensylvanicum, striped maple, moosewood, green-striped maple, whistlewood, Pennsylvania maple

Acer platanoides, Norway maple

Acer rubrum var. rubrum, red maple

Acer saccharum var. saccharum, sugar maple

Acer spicatum, mountain maple

Betulaceae

Betula alleghaniensis, yellow birch

Betula lenta, sweet birch, cherry birch

Carpinus caroliniana ssp. virginiana, American hornbeam, blue beech, musclewood, ironwood

Ostrya virginiana, hop hornbeam, ironwood

Fabaceae

Robinia pseudoacacia, black locust, false acacia

Fagaceae

Fagus grandifolia, American beech

Quercus spp., oaks, incl. red oak

Hamamelidaceae

Hamamelis virginiana, American witch-hazel

Juglandaceae

Carya cordiformis, bitternut hickory

Carya glabra, pignut hickory, sweet pignut

Carya ovata, shagbark hickory, shellbark hickory

Juglans nigra, black walnut

Oleaceae

Fraxinus americana, white ash

Fraxinus nigra, black ash

Pinaceae

Larix laricina, tamarack, American larch

Pinus resinosa, red pine

Pinus strobus, eastern white pine

Tsuga canadensis, eastern hemlock

Rosaceae

Crataegus sp., hawthorn

Prunus serotina, wild black cherry

Salicaceae

Populus deltoides, eastern cottonwood

Populus tremuloides, quaking aspen

Salix alba, white willow

Tiliaceae

Tilia americana var. americana, American basswood

Ulmaceae

Ulmus americana, American elm

Ulmus rubra, slippery elm

Vines

Anacardiaceae

Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans, eastern poison ivy

Apocynaceae

Vinca minor, periwinkle

Celastraceae

Celastrus orbiculatus, Oriental bittersweet

Fabaceae

Amphicarpaea bracteata, American hogpeanut

Ranunculaceae

Clematis virginiana, Virginia virgin-bower

Vitaceae

Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Virginia creeper

Ferns

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium rhizophyllum, walking-fern spleenwort

Dennstaedtiaceae

Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, eastern bracken, bracken fern

Dryopteridaceae

Dryopteris clintoniana, Clinton’s wood fern

Dryopteris intermedia ssp. intermedia, evergreen woodfern

Dryopteris marginalis, marginal wood fern

Polystichum acrostichoides, Christmas fern

Equisetaceae

Equisetum arvense, field horsetail, common horsetail

Equisetum fluviatile, water horsetail, river horsetail

Equisetum sylvaticum, woodland horsetail

Lycopodiaceae

Dendrolycopodium obscurum, ground pine, eastern tree clubmoss

Diphasiastrum digitatum, fan club-moss

Onocleaceae

Matteuccia struthiopteris, ostrich fern

Onoclea sensibilis, sensitive fern

Ophioglossaceae

Botrychium dissectum, cutleaf grape-fern

Osmundaceae

Osmunda cinnamomea, cinnamon fern

Osmunda claytoniana, interrupted fern

Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, royal fern

Pteridaceae

Adiantum pedatum, northern maidenhair-fern

Thelypteridaceae

Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens, marsh fern

Woodsiaceae

Athyrium filix-femina ssp. angustum, lady fern

Cystopteris bulbifera, bulblet fern

Cystopteris fragilis, fragile fern